|
| Cell source | Intervention (s) | Outcome | Author (year) |
|
| BM-MSCs | Pdx-1 transfection | The results demonstrated that Pdx-1 could improve differentiation efficacy of BMSCs to IPC and increase gene expression. | Sun et al. [9] |
| BM-MSCs | Fibronectin and laminin | The data showed pancreatic differentiation enhancement. | Lin et al. [31] |
| BM-MSCs | Pancreatic tissue extract | Pancreatic tissue extract effectively promoted differentiation efficiency and maturity of IPCs. | Xie et al. [20] |
| BM-MSCs | Exendine-4 | Results demonstrated EX-4 significant increase in differentiation of IPCs from RAT-BM-MSCs. | Dehbashi-Nejad et al. (2014) |
| BM-MSCs | Nonadherent state | Nonadherent induction greatly improved the differentiation efficiency of BMSCs towards IPCs. | Zhang et al. [35] |
| BM-MSCs | Fibrin glue (FG), Pdx-1, Glut-2, (3D culture) | FG scaffold enhanced the differentiation of IPCs from rat BM-MSCs. | Khorsandi et al. [24] |
| WJ-MSCs | Exendin-4 | Incorporating exendin-4 significantly improved the differentiation outcome of WJ-MSCs into IPCs. | Kassem et al. [23] |
| WJ-MSCs | Decellularized liver scaffolds (3D culture) | 3D scaffold improved differentiation of WJMSCs to IPCs. | Zhou et al. [38] |
| UC-MSCs | Laminin 411 | Laminin 411 significantly enhanced differentiation efficiency of IPCs from MSCs. | Qu et al. [32] |
| UC-MSCs | Hanging drops (3D culture) | Differentiation of hUCMs into insulin-secreting cells was more efficient in 3D culture than 2D culture. | Seyedi et al. [34] |
| UC-MSCs | Fibrin scaffold | Cells in fibrin scaffold 3D culture system were much more efficient than those in 2D conventional culture system. | Seyedi et al. [39] |
| UC-MSCs | PAX4 and PDX1 | PAX4 promotes the PDX1-induced differentiation of MSCs into functional β-cells. | Xu et al. [16] |
| AD-MSCs | Collagen/hyaluronic acid (Col/HA) scaffold (3D culture), PDX1 | The results showed that COL/HA scaffold enhanced the differentiation of IPCs from rat AMSCs. | Khorsandi et al. [36, 37] |
| AD-MSCs | Exendine-4 | EX-4 significantly enhanced the differentiation of ADMSCs into IPCs. | Khorsandi et al. [24] |
| iPMSCs | Conophylline | Data showed that conophylline promoted the iPMSC differentiation into islet-like clusters. | Zhang et al. [35] |
| iPSC | PDX-1 and NKX6.1 transfection | Efficiency of differentiation of iPSC to IPC increased by concurrent expression of PDX1 and NKX6.1. | Walczak et al. [14] |
| iPSCs | Testosterone | The addition of testosterone into routine differentiation formula for pancreatic beta cells increased differentiation efficiency from 12% to 35%. | Liu et al. [26] |
| PSCs | Sequential modulation of multiple signaling pathways | The stem cell-derived beta cells expressed markers found in mature beta cells and secreted quantities of insulin comparable to adult beta cells in response to multiple sequential glucose challenges in vitro. | Pagliuca et al. [18] |
| PSCs | Coculture with mature islets | Results suggested that mature islet cells could increase the differentiation efficiency of PE cells into mature IPCs via paracrine effects. | Oh et al. [28] |
| ESCs | Activin A | Results indicated that the hES cell-derived insulin-expressing cells contained many cell components critical to β-cell function. | D’Amour et al. [19] |
| ESCs | Pax4 nucleofection | Data demonstrated that pax4 increased differentiation of ESCs. | Lin et al. (2007) |
| ESCs | Pax4 overexpression | Results showed that overexpression of Pax4 enhanced generation of cells resembling pancreatic β-cells. | Liew et al. [12] |
| ESCs | Extracellular matrix | Results showed that matrigel-coated plates increased the differentiation efficacy of ESCs into IPCs (higher expression insulin I, insulin II, Slc2a2, and more insulin secretion). | Farrokhi et al. [30] |
| ESCs | Exendin-4 transfection | Exendin-4 improved the efficiency of ESC differentiation toward the beta cell phenotype. | Li et al. [8] |
| ESCs | Ngn3 and Pdx1 overexpression | This combination dramatically increased the differentiation efficacy. | Kubo et al. [13] |
| ESCs | Coculture with endothelial cells | Results demonstrated that differentiation of ESCs to insulin-producing cells enhanced by coculture with ECs. | Talavera et al. [27] |
| ESCs | Pdx1, MafA with either Ngn3 or NeuroD overexpression | Treatment with ESCs promoted differentiation of ES cells into insulin-secreting cells. | Xu et al. [10] |
| hESCs | Using a combination of reagents, including an ALK5 inhibitor, BMP receptor inhibitor, and thyroid hormone (T3) | The results showed that highly differentiated cells displayed certain key characteristics of mature beta cells. | Rezania et al. [17] |
| ESCs | Collagen type 1 | Collagen I induced more rapid and consistent differentiation of stem cells to definitive endoderm. | Rasmussen et al. [33] |
| ESCs | Resveratrol | RSV treatment enhanced efficient differentiation of hESCs into β-cell-like cells. | Pezzolla et al. [25] |
| ESCs | Coculture with mouse pancreatic islets | Results demonstrated higher differentiation efficiency in the coculture group. | Yilmaz et al. [29] |
| Pancreatic islet-derived mesenchymal stem cells | MafA, Pax4, and Ngn3 transfection | Cotransfection of these factors improved differentiation efficiency of the stem cells into insulin-secreting cells. | Aciksari et al. [15] |
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