Lithium and Copper Induce the Osteogenesis-Angiogenesis Coupling of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells via Crosstalk between Canonical Wnt and HIF-1α Signaling Pathways

Figure 2

Li 2.5-Cu 1.0-HA/Col scaffold has excellent physicochemical properties. (a) FTIR analysis results showed that the ceramic powder (HA, Li 2.5-HA, Cu 1.0-HA, and Li 2.5-Cu 1.0-HA) had the PO₄³⁻ (1089, 1044, 962, 601, and 570 cm⁻¹) and OH^- (3571 and 633 cm⁻¹) absorption peak for hydroxyapatite and the NH₂ (1680 cm⁻¹ to 1630 cm⁻¹ and 1570 cm⁻¹ to 1510 cm⁻¹) and -COOH (1339 cm⁻¹) absorption peak for Li 2.5-Cu 1.0-HA/Col. (b) The comparison of maximum stress and maximum compression strength between Li 2.5-Cu 1.0-HA and Li 2.5-Cu 1.0-HA/Col. (c) SEM scan of Li 2.5-Cu 1.0-HA and Li 2.5-Cu 1.0-HA/Col scaffolds. The Li 2.5-Cu 1.0-HA scaffold had a porous structure with a pore size of 200-400 μm (c, (1)). After vacuum infusion of type I collagen, the ceramic scaffolds’ surface was covered with collagen I fibers and microspheres (c, (2)–(4)). (d) The Li⁺, Cu²⁺, and phosphate release curve of the Li 2.5-Cu 1.0-HA/Col scaffold under simulated body fluid (SBF) microenvironment.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)