3D Electrospun Nanofiber-Based Scaffolds: From Preparations and Properties to Tissue Regeneration Applications

Figure 3

3D electrospun nanofiber-based scaffolds for cartilage tissue regeneration. (a) The schematic illustration for fabrication and crosslinking of electrospun nanofiber porous 3D scaffold (3DS-1) and crosslinked with hyaluronic acid scaffold (3DS-2). (b) The porous and fibrous structure of uncrosslinked (A, E), heat-treated (B, F), crosslinked 3DS-1 group (C, G), and 3DS-2 group (D, H). (c) Collagen type II and aggrecan immunohistochemical staining results of nontreated, 3DS-1, and 3DS-2 scaffolds after in vivo implantation for 12 weeks. Reproduced with permission from [115]. Copyright © 2021, American Chemical Society. (d) Conventional electrospinning formed dense nanofiber membrane. Cryoelectrospinning (on a mandrel collector at -78°C) induced 3D porous PCL scaffold due to the ice crystal formation. (e) Hydrogel/nanofiber composite constructs exhibited good chondrogenic ECM deposition and higher stability than pure hydrogel scaffold in vitro cell culture and in vivo implantation. Reproduced with permission from [52]. Copyright © 2021, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

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