Photobiomodulation: An Effective Approach to Enhance Proliferation and Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells into Osteoblasts

Table 1

Biological growth factors introduced to ADSCs for osteogenic differentiation.

Biological growth factors	Outcome of growth factors	Refs
Insulin-like growth factor 1/2	Stimulate both proliferation and terminal differentiation of MSCs, fine-tuning transcription factor expression levels and activity, and defining commitment towards specific lineages from the three germ layers. Overall, IGF-1 and IGF-2 play a significant role in MSC osteogenic differentiation and bone health.	[95, 100]
IGF-1	IGF-1 expression in MSCs enhances their proliferation with lower apoptosis; overexpression of IGF-1 in osteoblasts can accelerate the rate of bone formation and increase the pace of matrix mineralization, IGF-1-transfected human MSCs were able to upregulate expression of various osteoblast genes. 100 ng/mL of IGF-1 promotes differentiation into osteoblast-like cells.	[101–104]
IGF-2	IGF-2 appears to be more prominent than IGF-1 in promoting MSC self-renewal.	[100]
BMP-2	Accelerates proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast cells.	[105]
Wnt3a	Increased cell numbers and expanded the pool of MSCs capable of colony-forming unit- (CFU-) fibroblast (CFU-F) and CFU- osteoblast (CFU-O); regulates osteoblast differentiation and maturation.	[106]
Wnt5a	Maintained cell numbers and CFU-F and CFU-O numbers and increased the number of CFU-O.	[106]
bFGF	bFGF was shown to be required in maintaining stemness and proliferation.; Enhances the development of osteogenic cells.	[94, 107]
Ascorbic acid	Proliferates differentiated osteoblasts and inhibition of ADSC differentiation.	[96–99]
1,25 Di-hydroxy vitamin D3	Proliferates differentiated osteoblasts and inhibits ADSC differentiation.	[96–99]