Photobiomodulation: An Effective Approach to Enhance Proliferation and Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells into Osteoblasts

Table 4

The combined effects of using PBM and differentiation inducers for MSCs into osteoblasts.

Differentiation inducers	Laser parameters		Effects	Refs
	Wavelength (nm)	Fluency (J/cm^2)
Dexamethasone, ascorbic acid, beta-glycerophosphate	420, 540	3	Increased the concentration of intracellular calcium thus increased osteogenic relative gene expression.	[125]
Dexamethasone, ascorbic acid, beta-glycerophosphate, L-glutamine	635, 808	0.4	Increased the focal adhesion-localized vinculin which promotes osteogenic differentiation.; Osteogenic differentiation was encouraged.	[141]
Dexamethasone, beta-glycerol phosphate, ascorbate-2-phosphate	809	0.5, 1, 2	Mineralization occurred which indicated cell differentiation.	[142]
Dexamethasone, ascorbic acid, beta-glycerophosphate	810, 980	3, 0.3	Osteogenic-related gene expression was upregulated.	[143]