Myogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration

Table 1

Classification of different scaffolds.

Material of scaffold/scaffold	Feature	Promoting target	Reference
Graphene oxide scaffolds	Exocrine vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion	Myogenic progenitor cells	[53]
Hydrogels based on dextran-graft-tetraaniline and N-carboxyethyl chitosan	Degradable conductive and self-healing	C2C12	[54]
Hydrogel core-shell scaffolds combining with nanofiber yarns core	Mimicking native skeletal muscle tissue	C2C12	[45]
Collagen scaffolds with concave microgrooves	Mimicking muscle basement membrane	Myoblasts	[44]
Uniaxially aligned nanofibrous cylinders	Anisotropy and high surface-to-volume ratio	From myoblasts to myotubes	[46]
Nanofiber scaffolds with electrical conductivity property	Presentation of synergistic effects of different materials	Myoblasts	[47]
Porous collagen-GAG scaffolds	Scaffold implantation	VML injury treatment	[49]
Mesenchymal stem cells and extracellular matrix scaffolds	Functioning via promoting macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype and suppress macrophage polarization toward the M1 phenotype	Macrophage	[51]