Palovarotene Can Attenuate Heterotopic Ossification Induced by Tendon Stem Cells by Downregulating the Synergistic Effects of Smad and NF-κB Signaling Pathway following Stimulation of the Inflammatory Microenvironment

Figure 2

The inflammatory microenvironment promotes osteogenic differentiation of TSCs, and palovarotene can influence osteogenesis. (a) CCK8 proliferation assay was used to determine the dose range of palovarotene. Palovarotene at 0.5, 1, and 2 μM concentration had less effect on TSCs proliferation. Coculture system of activated macrophages and TSCs was constructed. (b) ALP and ARS staining in TSCs after coculture with macrophages. Data are (). and . ^# and ^##. Scale . (c) Western blot analysis and relevant quantitative analysis of OCN, SOX9, and RUNX2. Data are (). and . ^# and ^##. (d) The mRNA expression of OCN, SOX9, RUNX2, MMP-9, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. Data are (). and . ^# and ##.

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