Palovarotene Can Attenuate Heterotopic Ossification Induced by Tendon Stem Cells by Downregulating the Synergistic Effects of Smad and NF-κB Signaling Pathway following Stimulation of the Inflammatory Microenvironment

Figure 4

Smad and NF-κB signaling pathways play a synergistic role in HO formation, and palovarotene inhibits HO formation by blocking the Smad and NF-κB signaling pathways. (a) The mRNA expression of OCN, SOX9, RUNX2, Smad1, Smad5, and ID1. Data are (). and . ^# and ^##. (b) Immunofluorescence against ID1 (). Scale  μm. (c) Western blot analysis and relevant quantitative analysis of p-p65 and ID1. Data are () and . ^# and ^##. (d) Immunofluorescence against p65 (). Scale  μm. (e) Western blot analysis and relevant quantitative analysis of p65 and immunofluorescence against P65 in the previous coculture model series experiments (). Data are (). and . ^# and ^##. Scale  μm.

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