Palovarotene Can Attenuate Heterotopic Ossification Induced by Tendon Stem Cells by Downregulating the Synergistic Effects of Smad and NF-κB Signaling Pathway following Stimulation of the Inflammatory Microenvironment

Figure 6

In vitro experimental further verifies the effects of palovarotene and Smad and NF-κB signaling pathways in HO. In immunohistochemistry, the positive rate of inflammation such as TNF-α, TGF-β, IFN-γ, IL-1β, and MMP-9 was increased (a), as well as p65, ID1, p-SMAD1/5, and osteogenic genes, concluding OCN and SOX9 (b). Scale  μm. (c) Immunofluorescence and quantitative analysis against Smad5. Scale  μm. Data are () and . ^# and ^##. (d) The mRNA expression, Western blot analysis of tendon tissues, and relevant quantitative analysis of p65, ID1, OCN, and SOX9. Data are (). and . ^# and ^##.

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