Preconditioning and Engineering Strategies for Improving the Efficacy of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in Cell-Free Therapy

Figure 1

Exosome biogenesis and uptake. Exosomes are generated by the endosomal pathway and released to the extracellular space. Cellular contents, such as proteins, lipids, metabolites, small molecules, DNA, and RNA, along with cell surface proteins can enter exosomes through endocytosis and plasma membrane invagination. Exosomes released by a donor cell can elicit biological responses in a receptor cell by interacting with cell surface proteins or receptors or after being internalized by endocytosis or through membrane fusion.