Preconditioning and Engineering Strategies for Improving the Efficacy of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in Cell-Free Therapy

Figure 2

Current preconditioning patterns used to increase the therapeutic efficacy of MSC-exosomes. A 3D culture was used to increase the secretion of MSC-exosomes and enhance their tissue damage repair efficacy. A hypoxic environment may promote MSCs to secrete more exosomes; exosomes of hypoxic MSC origin perform better in proangiogenesis, immunomodulation, and tissue repair. Pretreatment with different cytokines can effectively enhance the therapeutic potential of MSC-exosomes, particularly their immunomodulatory ability and tissue damage repair efficacy. Other chemical and physical stimuli may alter the state and exosomal content of MSCs, thus enhancing their therapeutic potential in certain disease models.