Preconditioning and Engineering Strategies for Improving the Efficacy of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in Cell-Free Therapy

Figure 3

Cargo-loading approaches to enhance the therapeutic potential of MSC-exosomes. Endogenous cargo piggybacking is the use of plasmids or viruses to construct genetically modified parental MSC cells, followed by the collection of endogenous cargo-packed exosomes from cell culture supernatants. Endogenous cargoes are usually miRNAs and proteins with therapeutic benefits. An exogenous cargo is piggybacked by the delivery of drugs or therapeutic small molecules into exosomes using methods such as electroporation, coincubation, or ultrasound.