Stage-Dependent Regulation of Dental Pulp Stem Cell Odontogenic Differentiation by Transforming Growth Factor-β1

Figure 1

Characterization of DPSCs. (a) Primary DPSCs cultures on day 5 (40×). (b) DPSCs at passage 3 exhibit a spindle-shaped morphology (40×). (c) Mineralized nodules in DPSCs cultures stained with Alizarin Red S (50×). (d) Oil Red O staining for lipid droplets in DPSCs cultures (200×). (e) Alcian blue staining indicates synthesis of proteoglycans by chondrocytes (100×). (f) Molecular surface marker expression in DPSCs by flow cytometry. DPSCs: dental pulp stem cells. Scale bars are shown.

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