Autophagy Regulates Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells Induced by Orthodontic Tension

Figure 1

Isolation and characterization of hPDLSCs. (a) Morphology of hPDLSCs after culturing the cells for 7 days. Original magnification ×40. (b) Morphology of the subcultured cells. Original magnification ×40. (c) Cultured hPDLSCs formed alizarin red-positive calcium deposits after 3 weeks of culture in osteogenic induction medium. Original magnification ×100. (d) Cultured hPDLSCs formed oil red O-positive lipid clusters after 3 weeks of culture in adipogenic induction medium. Original magnification ×100. (e) The growth curve is presented in an “S shape.” (f) The positive expression rates of negative markers CD34 and CD45 were 0.78% and 1.24%, respectively; the positive expression rates of positive markers CD146 and CD90 were 79.18% and 96.02%, respectively. OD: optical density; hPDLSCs: human periodontal ligament stem cells.

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