Metabolic Remodeling Impacts the Epigenetic Landscape of Dental Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Figure 1

Amino acids, glucose, and fatty acids are utilized by metabolic pathways including one carbon metabolism, glycolysis, TCA cycle, and fatty acid catabolism. Metabolic intermediates generated from cellular metabolic pathways are substrates, cofactors, or antagonists for enzyme activity in epigenetic events including methylation, demethylation, acetylation, and deacetylation. These metabolic-sensitive epigenetic events are involved in the transcriptional program alteration and drive the dental mesenchymal stem cells into differentiation, aging, or inflammatory responses. SAM: S-adenosylmethionine; SAH: S-adenosylhomocysteine; acetyl-CoA: acetyl coenzyme A; SucCoA: succinyl-CoA; 2-HG: 2-hydroxyglutarate; αKG: α-ketoglutarate; TCA cycle: tricarboxylic acid cycle; NAD: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; FAD: flavin adenine dinucleotide; DNMTs: DNA methyltransferases; HMTs: histone methyltransferases; METTL3: methyltransferase-like 3; TETs: ten-eleven translocations; KDMs: histone lysine demethylases; HATs: histone acetyltransferases; HDACs: histone deacetylases.