The Regulatory Role of Ferroptosis in Bone Homeostasis

Table 1

The comparative characteristics among ferroptosis, apoptosis, and autophagy.

RCD	Ferroptosis	Apoptosis	Autophagy
Hallmarks	Mitochondrial crest disappeared; mitochondrial outer membrane rupture and shrinkage; mitochondria are deeply stained	Condensation and fragmentation of chromatin; nucleoli disappeared; nuclear pyknosis and fragmentation	Autophagy lysosome formation
Other characteristics	No nuclear rupture; cell membrane rupture	Cell shrinkage; the outflow of the cytoplasm and vacuolation of membrane	No changes in nuclear and cell membrane
Biomarkers	Upregulated: ROS, PTGS2; downregulated: NADPH	Cytochrome C releases caspase-activated intracellular calcium increases	Transformation from LC3-I into LC3-II
Positive regulators	Erastin, RSL3, RAS, Sorafenib, p53	P53, Bax, Bak, TGF-B, radiation	ATG family, Beclin1
Negative regulators	GPX4, FSP1, SLC7A11, NRF2, Ferrostatin-1, Liproxstatin-1, DFO	Bcl-2, Bcd-XL, Z-VAD-FMK	3-Methyladenine, Wortmannin, Spautin1

RCD: regulated cell death; PTGS2: prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2; FSP1: fibroblast-specific protein 1; NRF2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; DFO: desferrioxamine.