Composition, Biogenesis, and Role of Exosomes in Tumor Development

Figure 2

An overview of exosome functions. MSC-EXOs and tumor-derived exosomes exert various effects on recipient cell through different target/pathway. The interaction between exosome and other cells of TME may result in proliferation, tumor growth, metastasis, and drug resistance. Arrow in the figure above: stimulator. MSC-EXOs: MSC’s exosomes; TME: tumor microenvironment; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; CXCR4: C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4; ERK1/2: extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinases; AKT: protein kinase B; EMT: epithelial–mesenchymal transition; mir: microRNA; MDR: multidrug resistance protein.