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Model/year | MSC sources | MSC dosage (cells) | Interventions | Effectiveness | References |
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HFD mice 2011 | mBM-MSCs | | Intravenous, single injection | Prevented the onset of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in obese mice with metabolic syndromes | Ezquer et al. [18] |
HFD mice 2014 | rBM-MSCs | /g of body weight | Intravenous, single injection | Ameliorated diabetic hepatocyte damage by inhibiting infiltration of bone marrow-derived cells | Nagaishi et al. [25] |
Fat-fed/STZ rat 2015 | rBM-MSCs | | Intravenous, single injection | Ameliorated chronic high glucose-induced β-cell injury through modulation of autophagy | Zhao et al. [22] |
Fat-fed/STZ rat 2015 | hUC-MSCs | | Intravenous, single injection | Elicited macrophages into an anti-inflammatory phenotype to alleviate insulin resistance | Xie et al. [34] |
HFD mice 2016 | hAD-MSCs | | Intraperitoneal, once every 2 weeks (up to 10 weeks) | Reduced obesity and metabolic syndromes | Lee et al. [17] |
Fat-fed/STZ rat 2016 | mAD-MSCs | | Intravenous, single injection | Ameliorated hyperglycemia through regulating hepatic glucose metabolism | Xie et al. [24] |
Fat-fed/STZ rat 2017 | hUC-MSCs | | Intravenous, single injection | Ameliorated insulin resistance by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammation | Sun et al. [35] |
db/db mice Fat-fed/STZ 2018 | mAD-MSCs | | Intravenous, single injection | Improved insulin sensitivity and less β-cell death seen in T2DM mice | Wang et al. [23] |
Fat-fed/STZ rat 2018 | hUC-MSCs | hUC-MSCs: Exosomes: 10 mg/kg | (1) Cell injection: intravenous, once every 2 weeks (up to 10 weeks) (2) Exosome injection: intravenous, once every 3 days for 5 cycles | Exosomes from hUC-MSCs could alleviate T2DM by reversing peripheral insulin resistance and relieving β-cell destruction | Sun et al. [20] |
Fat-fed/STZ rat 2018 | hUC-MSCs | | Intravenous, single injection | Directed macrophage polarization to alleviate pancreatic islet dysfunction | Yin et al. [36] |
db/db mice 2019 | hUC-MSCs | | Intravenous, once at 7 and 9 weeks of age | Reversed β-cell dedifferentiation in an IL-1Ra-mediated manner | Wang et al. [37] |
HFD mice 2021 | hAD-MSCs | | Intravenous, once every 2 weeks (up to 1 month) | Achieved MSC self-augmentation, suppressed senescence and apoptosis of pancreatic β-cells, and decreased lipid accumulation in hepatocytes | Zhang et al. [30] |
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