The Influence of Intervertebral Disc Microenvironment on the Biological Behavior of Engrafted Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Table 2

Effects of hypoxia on the biological behavior of MSCs.

Cell sources	Year	Team	Journal	Results	Reference
BMSCs	2004	Risbud et al.	Spine	Hypoxia (2% O2) and TGF-β1 induced the differentiation of BMSCs to a NP-like phenotype.	[78]
	2006	Grayson et al.	J Cell Physiol	Hypoxia (2% O2) enhanced BMSC viability, proliferation, and expression of stemness genes (Oct4 and Rex-1) compared with normoxia.	[72]
	2007	Grayson et al.	Biochem Biophys Res Commun	Hypoxia (2% O2) promoted the proliferation of BMSCs and maintained their multilineage capabilities compared with normoxia.	[73]
	2008	Kanichai et al.	J Cell Physiol	Hypoxia (2% O2) promoted the chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs compared with normoxia.	[81]
	2009	Felka et al.	Osteoarthritis Cartilage	Hypoxia (2% O2) reduced the negative effect of IL-1β on chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs.	[77]
	2011	Tsai et al.	Blood	Hypoxia (1% O2) promoted BMSC proliferation and maintained their chondrogenic differentiation potential compared with normoxia.	[74]
	2011	Müller et al.	Cell Transplant	Hypoxia (4% O2) promoted chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs compared with normoxia.	[79]
	2011	Stoyanov et al.	Eur Cell Mater	Hypoxia (2% O2) and GDF5 (100 ng/mL) promoted the differentiation of BMSCs to a NP-like phenotype.	[80]
	2011	Raheja et al.	Cell Biol Int	Hypoxia (1% O2) inhibited BMSC migration compared with normoxia.	[76]
	2018	Wang et al.	Stem Cells Int	Hypoxic preconditioning (CoCl2, 100 μM, 24 h) enhanced BMSC viability, migration, and expression of aggrecan and collagen-II but inhibited their proliferation.	[75]
	2021	Peck et al.	Cartilage	Hypoxic preconditioning (2% O2) promoted BMSC viability and ECM production.	[82]
AD-MSCs	2012	Chung et al.	Res Vet Sci	Hypoxia (1% and 5% O2) inhibited the proliferation of AD-MSCs and BMSCs compared with normoxia, and AD-MSCs exhibited higher proliferative potential than BMSCs.	[91]
	2013	Portron et al.	PLoS One	Hypoxic preconditioning (5% O2) enhanced the chondrogenic differentiation of AD-MSCs in vitro but not in vivo.	[84]
	2014	Choi et al.	Journal of Asian Scientific Research	Hypoxia (2% O2) promoted AD-MSC viability and proliferation compared with normoxia.	[86]
	2015	Fotia et al.	Cytotechnology	Hypoxia (1% O2) promotes AD-MSC proliferation and expression of stemness genes (Nanog and Sox-2) compared with normoxia.	[87]
	2018	Takahashi et al.	Cell Transplant	Hypoxia (1% O2) inhibited AD-MSC viability but promoted their proliferation compared with normoxia.	[89]
	2019	Deng et al.	J Cell Physiol	Hypoxia (5% O2) promoted AD-MSC proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation potential compared with normoxia.	[90]
	2020	Hwang et al.	Tissue Eng Regen Med	Hypoxic preconditioning (1% O2) promoted AD-MSC proliferation, migration, and chondrogenic differentiation.	[83]
	2021	Govoni et al.	Adv Med Sci	Severe hypoxic preconditioning (0.5% O2) promoted early chondrogenesis in AD-MSCs.	[85]
NP-MSCs	2013	Li et al.	Cells Tissues Organs	Hypoxia (2% O2) inhibited the viability and proliferation of AD-MSCs and NP-MSCs but promoted their chondrogenic differentiation, and NPMSCs exhibited higher biological activity than AD-MSCs.	[44]
	2021	He et al.	Autophagy	Hypoxia (CoCl2) alleviated hydrostatic pressure-induced NP-MSC apoptosis.	[92]
UC-MSCs	2015	Lee et al.	Stem Cells	Hypoxia (2.2% O2) promoted UC-MSC proliferation and migration compared with normoxia.	[93]
PMSCs	2012	Yang et al.	The Spine Journal	Hypoxia (5% O2) promoted the early proliferation and differentiation of PMSCs into NP-like cells of compared with normoxia.	[94]
	2014	Ni et al.	The Spine Journal	Hypoxia (5% O2) promoted the proliferation and differentiation of PMSCs into NP-like cells of compared with normoxia.	[95]
	2016	Choi et al.	J Cell Biochem	Hypoxia (1% O2) promoted PMSC migration compared with normoxia.	[96]
	2017	Li et al.	The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery	Hypoxia (CoCl2) promoted PMSC proliferation.	[97]
AF-MSCs	2017	Kwon et al.	Tissue Eng Regen Med	Hypoxia (5% O2) promoted AF-MSC proliferation and stemness maintenance compared with normoxia.	[98]
	2020	Casciaro et al.	Mech Ageing Dev	Hypoxia (1% O2) promoted AF-MSC proliferation and stemness maintenance compared with normoxia.	[99]
SMSCs	2020	Silva et al.	Glycoconj J	Hypoxia (5% O2) promoted chondrogenic differentiation of SMSCs compared with normoxia.	[101]
PB-MSCs	2022	Wang et al.	Front Endocrinol	Hypoxia (5% O2) enhanced the proliferation, stemness, and multidirectional differentiation potential of PBSMCs compared with normoxia	[100]

AD-MSCs: adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells; AF-MSCs: amniotic fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells; BMSCs: bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; ECM: extracellular matrix; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; IVD: intervertebral disc; NP: nucleus pulposus; NP-MSCs: nucleus pulposus-derived mesenchymal stem cells; PB-MSCs: peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells; PMSCs: placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells; SMSCs: synovial-derived mesenchymal stem cells; TGF: transforming growth factor; UC-MSCs: umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells.