Dental Pulp Stem Cell Heterogeneity: Finding Superior Quality “Needles” in a Dental Pulpal “Haystack” for Regenerative Medicine-Based Applications

Table 1

Summary of the cell surface, senescence and other relevant gene, protein and metabolic markers implicated in distinguishing high stemness, proliferative, multi-potency and other regenerative characteristics between hDPSC sub-populations.

Marker	Associated properties of hDPSC sub-populations	References
STRO-1^+	High colony forming efficiency, high proliferation, multi-potent	[59, 80, 83, 85]
CD146^+	High colony forming efficiency, high proliferation, multi-potent, high odontogenic differentiation	[43, 59, 80, 86]
CD146^-	High neurogenic differentiation	[87]
CD117^+ (c-kit^+)	High odontogenic, osteogenic, neurogenic, adipogenic, myogenic and angiogenic differentiation	[50, 81–84, 94]
CD34^+	Low stemness, low proliferation, high osteogenic, neurogenic and angiogenic differentiation	[50, 81–84]
CD271^+	Low proliferation, bi-/uni-potent, high neurogenic differentiation	[52, 53, 88]
CD271^-	High colony forming efficiency, high proliferation, multi-potent	[52, 53, 64, 65, 83]
CD105^+	High proliferation, high migration, multi-potent, high angiogenic differentiation	[89]
CD51^+ (CD140α^+)	High odontogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation	[64]
SSEA-4^+	High proliferation, multi-potent, high osteogenic, chondrogenic and neurogenic differentiation, low adipogenic differentiation	[58]
BMI-1^-	High stemness, high proliferation, low multi-potency	[61, 62]
CXCR-4^+ (CD186)	High colony forming efficiency, high proliferation, multi-potent	[57, 91, 92]
PDGFR-β^+	High proliferation, high odontogenic differentiation	[93]
IGF1R^+	High stemness, high proliferation, multi-potent, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory	[94]
VEGFR1^high	High angiogenic differentiation	[95]
Long Telomeres	High proliferation, resistance to senescence, high stemness, multi-potent	[53, 103]
Low Oxidative DNA & Protein Biomarkers	High proliferation, resistance to senescence, high stemness, multi-potent	[53, 104]
SOD2^high	High proliferation, resistance to senescence, high stemness, multi-potent	[52, 53]
GSTZ1^high	High proliferation, resistance to senescence, high stemness, multi-potent	[52, 53]
Mitofilin^+	High stemness, multi-potent	[112]
ALDH-1^high	High stemness, multi-potent	[113]
MMP-9^high	High stemness, high proliferation, multi-potent, increased matrix remodelling	[116]