Metformin Ameliorates D-Galactose-Induced Senescent Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Enhancing Autophagy

Figure 4

Metformin regulated autophagic flux in D-gal-induced hBMSCs by AMPK pathway. (a–c) Western blot analysis of AMPKα, p-AMPKα, and LC3 proteins in hBMSCs treated or not with D-gal or metformin. GAPDH was used as a control. (d–f) Western blot analysis of AMPKα, p-AMPKα, and LC3 proteins in hBMSCs treated or not with 20 g/L D-gal or 200 μM metformin or 5 μM CoC. GAPDH was used as a control. for each group. Data shown are . Two-tailed test. , , , and versus the D-gal group; ^### and ^#### versus the control group; ^§§§ and ^§§§§ versus the D-gal+metformin+CoC group; ns: not significant.

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