Mesenchymal Stem Cell-derived Exosomes: Novel Therapeutic Approach for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Table 1

Therapeutic application of MSC-Exo in IBD treatment.

Exosomes sources	Effector molecule	Mechanism	Effect	Ref.
hUC-MSCs	TSG-6	Repair TJ, increasing the expression of TJ proteins. Modulated immune response of Th2 and Th17 cells.	Restoring mucosal barrier repair and intestinal immune homeostasis.	[23]
hBM-MSCs	MT-2	Polarizing M2b macrophages.	Reduce mucosal inflammation.	[96]
hUC-MSCs	miRNA-326	NF-κB signaling pathway, neddylation-related enzymes.	Inhibiting the neddylation and alleviating colitis.	[177]
hUC-MSCs	miRNA-378a-5p	NLRP3 axis; IL-1β; IL-18; and Caspase-1.	Attenuating colitis by regulating macrophage pyroptosis.	[93]
hUC-MSCs	miRNA-378a-5p	NLRP3 axis	Regulating macrophage pyroptosis and protecting against DSS-induced colitis.	[178]
AD-MSCs	miRNA-132	Smad-7 and TGF-β/Smad signaling.	Promoting VEGF-C-dependent lymphangiogenesis.	[179]
hUC-MSCs	miRNA-146a	SUMO1 axis.	Preventing colitis.	[177]
hUC-MSCs	lnc78583-miRNA-3202	HOXB13 axis.	Relieve inflammatory bowel disease.	[180]
BM-MSCs	MiRNA-200b	HMGB3 axis.	Attenuate the inflammatory injury of IECs.	[181]
BM-MSCs	MiR-125a; miR-125b	Stat3 axis; inhibit Th17 cells differentiation.	Attenuate DSS-induced colitis.	[182]
AD-MSCs	N/A	Immunomodulatory effects; regulate Treg population.	Alleviate inflammation in DSS-induced acute colitis	[114]
Olfactory Ecto-MSCs	N/A	Regulates subpopulations and differentiation of Th1/Th17.	Alleviate the disease severity of IBD.	[113]
hUC-MSCs	N/A	Down-regulation the expression of iNOS and IL-7.	Relieve inflammatory responses, and attenuates IBD.	[93]
hUC-MSCs	N/A	Regulate the modification of ubiquitination.	Attenuate the severity of colitis.	[67]
BM-MSCs	N/A	Attenuate colon inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis.	Relieve the severity of IBD.	[129]
AD-MSCs	N/A	Immunity, apoptosis, and inflammation pathway.	Reduce intestinal epithelial damage.	[183]

AD-MSCS: adipose mesenchymal stem cells; DSS: dextran sulfate sodium; Exo: exosomes; hBM-MSCs: human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; HMGB3: high-mobility group box 3 protein; HOXB13: high-mobility group box 13 protein; hUC-MSCs: human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells; IBD: inflammatory bowel diseases; IECs: induced embryonic stem cells; IL-18: interleukin-18; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; IL-7: interleukin-7; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; MT-2: metallothi-onein-2; N/A: not Available; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-B; NLRP3: NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3; Olfactory Ecto-MSCs: olfactory ecto mesenchymal stem cells; Stat3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; SUMO1: small ubiquitin-like modifier 1; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-β; Th17: T helper 17 cells; Th2: T helper 2 cells; TJ: tight junctions; TSG-6: tumor necrosis factor-α stimulated gene 6; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor.