Mechanisms and Optimization Strategies of Paracrine Exosomes from Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Ischemic Heart Disease

Figure 1

Reparative effect of MSC-Exos on ischemic hearts after MI. After myocardial infarction (MI), the intramuscular injection of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-Exos) had an anti-programmed cell death (PCD) effect by releasing miR-19a, miR-144, miR-486-5p, miR-21, miR-21a-5p, miR-25-3p, and other miRNAs. Galectin-3, miR-212-5p, miR-125b-5p, PDGFR-β, and miR-671 in MSC-Exos promote ischemic myocardial repair by antimyocardial fibrosis. The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), angiogenic fibroblast growth factor-β (FGF-β), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), miR-31, miR-543, and miR-1246 in MSC-Exos can promote the generation of myocardial vascular endothelial cells and maintain myocardial blood flow. Substances such as miR-181a, miR-125b, miR-182, miR-21-5p, miR-302d-5p, and miR-200b-3p released by MSC-Exos can regulate the cardiac microenvironment after myocardial infarction, reduce the inflammatory response and promote myocardial repair.