The Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Exosomes in Tumor Development and Targeted Antitumor Therapies

Table 2

MSCs as antitumor vectors of cytokines.

Cancer types	MSC groups	In vivo/in vitro	Agents	Methods	Routes of administration	Main results	References
Melanoma lung metastasis	BM-MSC	In vivo	IFN-α	Adenoviral vectors	i.v.	Reduce the growth of lung metastasis in melanoma and prolonged the survival	[42]
Melanoma and breast cancer	BM-MSC	In vivo and in vitro	IFN-β	Adenoviral vectors	Coculture in vitro and i.v. in vivo	Inhibit tumor cell growth and suppress the growth of pulmonary metastases	[8]
Pancreatic tumor	BM-MSC	In vivo	IFN-β	Adenoviral vectors	i.p.	Suppress tumor growth	[31]
Breast cancer	MSC	In vivo and in vitro	IFN-β	Lentiviral gene transfer plasmid	i.v.	Suppress breast cancer growth and reduce pulmonary and hepatic metastases	[43]
Prostate cancer lung metastasis	BM-MSC	In vivo	IFN-β	Adeno-associated virus	i.v.	Reduce pulmonary metastases	[44]
Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma	UC-MSCs	In vitro and in vivo	IFN-β	Adenoviral vectors	i.v.	Inhibit growth and progression by increasing apoptosis.	[45]
Lung cancer	UC-MSCs	In vivo	IFN-β	Lentiviral vectors	i.v.	Delay tumor growth	[46]
Tongue squamous cell carcinoma	G-MSC	In vitro and in vivo	IFN-β	Lentiviral vectors	i.v.	Inhibit the proliferation	[47]
Melanoma	Canine AT-MSCs	In vitro and in vivo	IFN-β	Lentiviral vectors	i.p.	The combination of MSC-IFN-β with low-dose cisplatin improves therapeutic efficacy against canine melanoma.	[48]
Melanoma	BM-MSC	In vivo and in vitro	IFN-β	Adenoviral vectors	Coculture in vitro and i.v. in vivo	Inhibited the growth of malignant cells in vivo	[49]
Lung carcinoma	BM-MSC	In vitro and in vivo	IFN-γ	Lentiviral vectors	Coculture in vitro and s.c. in vivo.	Induced apoptosis in vitro; Inhibited the growth and progression in vivo	[50]
Melanoma	BM-MSC	In vivo	IL-12	Adenoviral vectors	i.t.	Exhibited stronger tumor-specific T-cell responses and antitumor effects	[51]
Renal cell carcinoma	BM-MSC	In vivo	IL-12	Adenoviral vectors	i.v.	Reduced the growth of 786-0 RCC and significantly prolonged mouse survival	[52]
Breast cancer	BM-MSC	In vivo	IL-12	Retroviral vectors	s.c.	Antiangiogenesis and interfere with the growth of 4T1 breast cancer	[53]
Glioma	UCB-MSCs	In vivo	IL-12	Adenoviral vectors	i.t.	Inhibited tumor growth and prolonged the survival of glioma-bearing mice	[54]
Melanoma, breast tumor, and hepatoma	BM-MSC	In vivo	IL-12	Adenoviral vectors	i.v.	Induction of the tumor cell elimination in B16 melanoma, 4T1 breast tumor, and HCA hepatoma cancer	[55]
Malignant glioma	BM-MSC	In vivo and in vitro	IL-2	Adenoviral vectors	i.t.	Inhibition of 9 L tumor growth and increased the survival	[56]
Melanoma	BM-MSC	In vivo	IL-2	Retroviral plasmids	s.c.	Development of CD8-mediated tumor-specific immunity and delay of tumor growth	[57]
Ovarian cancer	AF-MSCs	In vivo	IL-2		i.v.	Migrate to the ovarian cancer tumor site to secrete the functional IL-2 and treat the tumor	[58]
Ovarian cancer	UCB-MSCs	In vivo	IL-21	Transfected with the recombinant pIRES2-IL-21	i.v.	Inhibit tumor growth and prolong the survival	[59]
Malignant mesothelioma	BM-MSC	In vivo/in vitro	TRAIL	Lentiviral vectors	Coculture in vitro i.v. in vivo	Kill multiple malignant mesothelioma cell lines in vitro and reduce mesothelioma tumor growth in vivo	[60]
Lung cancer	BM-MSC	In vitro	TRAIL	Lentiviral vectors	In vitro coculture	Reduce the growth of primary cancers and metastases	[61]
Various cancer cell lines	BM-MSC	In vitro	TRAIL	Lentiviral vectors	In vitro coculture	Defeat cancer cell resistance to recombinant TRAIL	[62]

MSC: mesenchymal stem cells; UC-MSC: umbilical cord MSC; AT-MSC: adipose tissue MSC; BM-MSC: bone marrow MSC; UCB-MSCs: umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells; IL: interleukin; TRAIL: tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; G-MSC: gingiva-derived mesenchymal stromal cells; IFN: interferon.