The Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Exosomes in Tumor Development and Targeted Antitumor Therapies

Table 6

Extracellular vesicles and exosomes derived from MSCs as antitumor vectors.

Cancer types	MSC groups	In vivo/in vitro	Agents	Methods	Mechanisms	Results	References
Bladder cancer	UC-MSC-derived exosomes	In vivo/in vitro	miR-139-5p	UCMSCs transfected with miR-139-5p mimic or miR-139-5p inhibitor	Downregulate the PRC1 expression	Suppressed proliferation, migration, and invasion potentials	[101]
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma	BM-MSC-derived MVs	In vitro	PTX	MSCs were exposed to 2 μg/mL PTX for 24 h		Suppressed proliferation	[102]
Temozolomide-resistant glioblastoma	BM-MSC-derived exosomes	In vitro	miR-9 inhibitor			Reverse the chemoresistance	[103]
Glioma	BM-MSC-derived exosomes	In vivo	miR-146b	Cel-miR-67 and hsa-miR-146b expression plasmids were used for electroporation of MSC.	Decreasing EGFR and NF-κB protein	Inhibit glioma growth	[104]
Osteosarcoma	BM-MSC-derived exosomes	In vitro	miR-143	Transfection		Reduced the migration of osteosarcoma cells	[105]
Hepatocellular carcinoma	AT-MSC-derived exosomes	In vivo/in vitro	miR-122	Transfected with plasmids of hsa-miR-122 or cel-miR-67	Downregulation of CCNG1, IGF1R, and ADAM10	Increase chemosensitivity	[106]
Breast cancer	BM-MSC-derived EVs	In vivo/in vitro	miR-379	Lentiviral transduction	Downregulation of COX-2	Reduced tumor activity over the 6 weeks of monitoring	[107]
Bladder cancer	MSC-derived exosomes	In vitro	siRNA of PLK-1	Electroporation	Knockdown of PLK-1 mRNA	Transfer PLK-1 siRNA to bladder cancer cells	[108]
Glioma	BM-MSCs, AT-MSCs, UC-MSC-derived EVs	In vitro and in vivo	miR-124/miR-145 mimics	Transfected with the miR mimics by electroporation, lentiviral transduction	Downregulates the expression of SCP-1	Reduced the tumor cells migration and the stem cell properties of glioma cells	[109]
Breast cancer	BM-MSC-derived exosomes	In vitro and in vivo	PTX	Extrusion with varying pore sizes (10, 5, and 1 μm) in a miniextruder (Avanti Polar Lipids)		Decreased the viability and inhibited tumor growth	[110]
Osteosarcoma	BM-MSC-derived exosomes	In vitro	DOX	The 70 μL of Dox HCl (1 mg mL^−1) was mixed with 930 μL exosome solution (1 mg mL^−1) for 30 min and desalinized with triethylamine for 1 hr at room temperature (RT)		Suppressed proliferation	[111]
Bladder cancer	BM-MSC-derived EVs	In vivo and in vitro	miR-9-3p		miR-9-3p targets ESM1	Inhibits viability, migration, and invasion while promoting apoptosis	[112]

MSC: mesenchymal stem cells; UC-MSC: umbilical cord MSC; AT-MSC: adipose tissue MSC; BM-MSC: bone marrow MSC; EVs: extracellular vesicles; MVs: microvesicles; PTX: paclitaxel; DOX: doxorubicin.