Effects of Ginsenoside Rg1 on the Biological Behavior of Human Amnion-Derived Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (hAD-MSCs)

Figure 1

Effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on the viability of hAD-MSCs. (a–c) Morphology of hAD-MSCs ((a) ×40, (b) ×100, (c) ×200). (d–o) hAD-MSCs were able to differentiate into osteoblasts (d, f), adipocytes (h, j), and chondroblasts (l, n). The osteogenic differentiation of hAD-MSCs was verified by alizarin red S, and abundant calcium deposits stained with red were visualized (e, g). The adipogenic differentiation of hAD-MSCs was verified by oil red O staining, and red lipid vacuoles were visualized in the cytoplasm (i, k). The chondrogenic differentiation of hAD-MSCs was verified by alcian blue, and cartilage-specific proteoglycans stained with blue were visualized (m, o). (p) The molecular structure of ginsenoside Rg1. (q) The effects of Rg1 with different concentrations on the viability of hAD-MSCs were detected by CCK-8 assay. Optical density (OD) values at 450 nm of each concentration at 24 and 48 h after Rg1 treatment were shown (n = 6). Images of (d), (e), (h), (i), (l), and (m) were taken at 100x magnification, while (f), (g), (j), (k), (n), and (o) were taken at 200x. Representative images are shown. Scale bars = 100 μm; Scale bars = 200 μm. NS: not significant, and .