Dental Pulp Stem Cells for Bone Tissue Engineering: A Literature Review

Table 3

The main role of the growth factors.

Growth factor	Main mechanism
TGF-β	Osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation
BMPs	Chondrogenic, osteogenic, and osteoinductive
bFGF	Angiogenesis, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation
NGF	Promoting bone metabolism and osteogenic differentiation
PDGF	Osteogenic and endothelial differentiation with gene expression
IGF	Anabolic and catabolic effects on osteogenesis
VEGF	Osteoinductive, chemotactic, and angiogenesis
FGF	Angiogenesis, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation

TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; BMPs, bone morphogenetic proteins; BFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; NGF, nerve growth factor; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; IGF, insulin-like growth factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; FGF, fibroblast growth factor.