Neuroprotective Effect of Wharton’s Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Conditioned Medium (WJMSC-CM) on Diabetes-Associated Cognitive Impairment by Improving Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, and Apoptosis

Figure 4

Effects of WJMSC-CM and insulin on spatial learning and memory in the Morris water maze in diabetic rats. The administration of WJMSC-CM improved the spatial learning performance in diabetic rats and significantly decreased the escape latency time (a) and traveled distance (b) on days 3 and 4. Using insulin improved spatial learning only on day 4 (two-way ANOVA). In the probe trial, after the removal of the platform, the percentage of target quadrant time (c) was significantly increased in Dia + CM group. The values are presented as (). Significant differences versus the control (, , , ) and diabetes rats (^#P <0.05, ^##P <0.01, ^####P <0.0001). Con: control; Dia: diabetes; Dia + CM: WJMSC-CM-treated diabetic group; Dia + INS: insulin-treated diabetic group; Dia + DMEM: DMEM-treated diabetic group.

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